Le corps de ville à Brest : composition, fonctionnement et rôles (1750-1790)

Dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle, la ville de Brest est administrée par un corps de ville qui comprend deux entités : le corps en exercice (maire, échevins, procureur syndic, conseillers) et l’ancien corps (membres ayant quitté le corps en exercice).L’histoire de cette institution est assez récente car la première véritable organisation municipale n’apparaît qu’à la fin du xvie siècle et connaît jusqu’en 1750 quelques modifications et ajustements.L’élément essentiel de cette administration est le maire, sur qui repose la majeure partie du travail. De la nature et de la motivation de cet individu dépend le dynamisme influé à la cité du Ponant. Il est aidé ponctuellement dans sa tâche par neuf autres officiers municipaux, qui sont cooptés à la différence du maire qui lui, est élu par une assemblée générale.Ces édiles forment un groupe d’élites municipales. Cependant, si les carrières et les promotions semblent importantes au sein du corps de ville, ces personnages demeurent en retrait des nombreuses autorités nobiliaires présentes à Brest et ne peuvent rivaliser dans leurs actions avec le pouvoir des militaires qui constituent la véritable élite sociale.In the second half of the 18th century, the city of Brest was administered by a municipal corporation that included two entities: the active corps (mayor, aldermen, elected prosecutor, councillors) and the old corps (past members). The history of this institution was rather recent as the first real municipal organisation only appeared at the end of the 16th century and was modified and adjusted up until 1750. The essential element of this administration was the mayor who was responsible for most of the work. The dynamism of the western city depended on the character and motivation of this individual. He was occasionally helped in his tasks by nine other municipal officers who were co-opted, unlike the mayor who was elected by a general assembly. These officials formed a municipal elite. However, if careers and promotions seemed important within the municipal corporation, these individuals remained on the side-lines when compared to the numerous noble authorities present in Brest and could not compete in their actions with the power of the military that constituted the real social elite

Élites, pouvoirs et vie municipale à Brest, 1750-1820

Brest, harbour city and military arsenal, was a city where some individuals managed public and private careers at the same time sometimes by relying on political circumstances.Under the Ancien Régime, traders and jurists controlled the municipal sphere but they were dominated by the social elites (naval officers, Navy quartermasters, Army nobility) who constituted the gist of the power in the city.With the Revolution, a new political personnel was set up, we attended to a renewal of the elites. The Army nobility lost its positions, former notables were relegated to a subordinate role and a new generation of notabilities stemming from revolutionary changes was still very present when the monarchy came back in 1815.The link between institutional evolutions and the political careers of elites enables us to draw up a precise state of local political and social structurings that occurred during these seventy years.During this period, Brest’s municipal elites succeeded in imposing upon their fellow countrymen but did not manage to impose their views concerning relations with superior authorities. They were always under a military governor or a direct representative of the state. The municipal power underwent changes and knew important fluctuations in the reality of its powers and in its degree of autonomy.Brest, ville portuaire et arsenal militaire, est une cité où quelques individus mènent de front une carrière publique et privée en s’appuyant parfois sur les circonstances politiques.Sous l’Ancien Régime, négociants et hommes de loi contrôlent la sphère municipale mais sont dominés par les élites sociales (officiers de marine, intendants de marine, noblesse de l’armée de terre) qui constituent l’essence du pouvoir dans la ville.Avec la Révolution, un nouveau personnel politique se met en place, on assiste alors à un renouvellement des élites. La noblesse militaire perd ses positions, les anciens notables se trouvent relégués à un rôle subalterne et une nouvelle génération de notabilités issue des changements révolutionnaires est toujours bien présente quand la monarchie fait son retour en 1815.Le rapprochement des évolutions institutionnelles et des parcours politiques des élites permet de dresser un état précis des structurations politiques et sociales locales au cours de ces soixante-dix ans.Au cours de cette période, les élites municipales brestoises parviennent à s’imposer à leurs concitoyens mais ne réussissent pas à imposer leurs vues quand il s’agit des relations avec les autorités supérieures. Elles sont toujours sous la coupe d’un commandant militaire ou d’un représentant direct de l’État. Le pouvoir municipal subit des changements et connaît des fluctuations importantes dans la réalité de ses pouvoirs et dans sa marge d’autonomie

Prospection inventaire n°388 Commune d'Aulus-les-Bains (Ariège)

La zone prospectée constitue un des trois sites ateliers du projet FODYNA. Elle présente des vestiges miniers connus ; des charbonnières et des zones humides (lacs, tourbières) étudiées ou en projet d’étude. Les mines des Argentières ont fait l’objet d’une prospection archéologique en 1991 dans le cadre du PCR « Mines, métallurgie et forêts dans les Pyrénées ariégeoises de l’Antiquité au Moyen Âge » (dir. C. Dubois et J.-P. Métailié)

Preliminary Spectral Analysis of the Type II Supernova 1999em

We have calculated fast direct spectral model fits to two early-time spectra of the Type-II plateau SN 1999em, using the SYNOW synthetic spectrum code. The first is an extremely early blue optical spectrum and the second a combined HST and optical spectrum obtained one week later. Spectroscopically this supernova appears to be a normal Type II and these fits are in excellent agreement with the observed spectra. Our direct analysis suggests the presence of enhanced nitrogen. We have further studied these spectra with the full NLTE general model atmosphere code PHOENIX. While we do not find confirmation for enhanced nitrogen (nor do we rule it out), we do require enhanced helium. An even more intriguing possible line identification is complicated Balmer and He I lines, which we show falls naturally out of the detailed calculations with a shallow density gradient. We also show that very early spectra such as those presented here combined with sophisticated spectral modeling allows an independent estimate of the total reddening to the supernova, since when the spectrum is very blue, dereddening leads to changes in the blue flux that cannot be reproduced by altering the ``temperature'' of the emitted radiation. These results are extremely encouraging since they imply that detailed modeling of early spectra can shed light on both the abundances and total extinction of SNe II, the latter improving their utility and reliability as distance indicators.Comment: to appear in ApJ, 2000, 54

Infant Neural Sensitivity to Dynamic Eye Gaze relates to quality of parent–infant interaction at 7-months in infants at risk for Autism

Links between brain function measures and quality of parent–child interactions within the early developmental period have been investigated in typical and atypical development. We examined such links in a group of 104 infants with and without a family history for autism in the first year of life. Our findings suggest robust associations between event related potential responses to eye gaze and observed parent–infant interaction measures. In both groups, infants with more positive affect exhibit stronger differentiation to gaze stimuli. This association was observed with the earlier P100 waveform component in the control group but with the later P400 component in infants at-risk. These exploratory findings are critical in paving the way for a better understanding of how infant laboratory measures may relate to overt behavior and how both can be combined in the context of predicting risk or clinical diagnosis in toddlerhood

Forest Cover Changes and Trajectories in an ancient Mining area of the Pyrenees from the Antiquity to the 19th c

International audienceThis study is a part of the project FODYNA which is focused on an ancient mining area of the Pyrenees, located in the Couserans